Objective: Learn and use vocabulary about formal, non-formal and informal education and key education terms (illiteracy, literacy classes, curriculum, scholarship, distance learning, etc.).
A. Match the words with their definitions
Match each word with the correct definition (write a, b, c,…).
- illiteracy
- literacy classes
- curriculum
- scholarship
- drop out (of school)
- distance learning
- evening classes
- private school
- public school
Definitions:
- a) a programme of study that includes the subjects taught in a school or university
- b) money that is given to a good student to help pay for their studies
- c) the state of not being able to read or write
- d) classes organised to teach adults how to read and write
- e) to leave school or university before finishing your studies
- f) studying through the internet, TV or by post instead of going to a school building
- g) classes that take place after the normal school day, usually at night
- h) a school that is owned by the government and usually free for students
- i) a school that is owned by a person or an organisation and where parents pay fees
B. Complete the sentences
Use words from exercise A to complete the sentences.
- Many NGOs in Morocco organise __________ to help adults learn how to read and write.
- Thanks to a __________, my cousin can study at a private university without paying a lot of money.
- Some teenagers __________ because they have social or financial problems.
- In the future, a lot of people will use __________ to study from home.
- In a __________, students’ parents have to pay school fees every month.
- The government should fight __________, especially in rural areas.
- I want to take __________ in English because I am busy during the day.
C. Formal, non-formal or informal education?
Put each example in the correct column.
- 1) Studying maths and physics at high school
- 2) Learning how to cook from your mother at home
- 3) Taking a computer course in a youth centre
- 4) Watching documentaries on TV
- 5) Attending literacy classes in an association
- 6) Learning English from videos on YouTube
| Formal education | Non-formal education | Informal education |
|---|---|---|
| ________________________________ | ________________________________ | ________________________________ |
| ________________________________ | ________________________________ | ________________________________ |
توضيحات بالعربية (Vocabulary – Education)
فرّق مع التلاميذ بين formal (مدرسة، جامعة، دبلومات)، non-formal (جمعيات، مراكز تكوين، literacy classes) وinformal (الأسرة، الشارع، اليوتيوب...). استعمل أمثلة من الواقع المغربي باش يكون الدرس قريب ليهم.
2. Reading – Formal, Non-formal and Informal Education
Objective: Read a text about the three types of education and answer comprehension and vocabulary questions.
A. Read the text
Formal, Non-formal and Informal Education
In the past, many people believed that education only took place inside school buildings. Today, however, specialists agree that people can learn in many different places and situations. For this reason, they usually speak about three main types of education: formal, non-formal and informal education.
Formal education is the type of education that happens in schools, colleges and universities. It is organised, structured and follows an official curriculum. Students learn different subjects such as maths, languages and science, and at the end of each level they receive certificates or diplomas.
Non-formal education is also organised, but it usually takes place outside the traditional school system. Many associations and NGOs in Morocco offer literacy classes for adults, language courses or computer training in youth centres and cultural centres. Non-formal education is very important for people who did not have the chance to finish their studies.
Informal education, on the other hand, happens in our everyday life. People learn from their parents, friends, neighbours, the media and the internet. For example, a teenager can learn how to repair a mobile phone from a friend, or improve his English by watching videos on YouTube. This type of education is not planned, but it continues during the whole life.
All three types of education are necessary in modern societies. Formal education provides basic knowledge and professional skills. Non-formal education gives people a second chance to learn and improve their situation. Informal education helps us learn useful things every day without exams or certificates.
B. Comprehension
1. Choose the best title for the text (✔):
[ ] School problems in Morocco
[ ] Different types of education
[ ] How to learn English quickly
2. Are these sentences True (T), False (F) or Not Stated (NS)? Justify.
- a) In the past, people thought that education happened in many different places.
- b) Formal education is organised and follows an official curriculum.
- c) Non-formal education only takes place in universities.
- d) Some NGOs in Morocco offer literacy classes for adults.
- e) Informal education always happens in classrooms.
- f) Informal education continues during the whole life.
3. Answer these questions:
- a) What are the three main types of education mentioned in the text?
- b) Where does formal education usually take place?
- c) Give two examples of non-formal education in Morocco.
- d) How can teenagers learn informally from the internet?
- e) Why are all three types of education necessary in modern societies?
C. Vocabulary in context
Find words in the text that mean:
- 1. arranged and planned in a clear way (paragraph 2): ____________________________
- 2. official plan of what students have to study (paragraph 2): ____________________________
- 3. organisations that are not part of the government (paragraph 3): ____________________________
- 4. chance or opportunity (paragraph 3): ____________________________
- 5. without preparation or planning (paragraph 4): ____________________________
توضيحات بالعربية (Reading – Education)
ركّز أولاً على الفكرة العامة (Different types of education)، ثم التفصيل (T/F/NS و WH‑questions)، وفي الأخير خدم المفردات من السياق. حاول تربط النص بمشاريع محو الأمية والدروس الليلية اللي كيعرفوها التلاميذ.
3. Functions – Expressing purpose
Objective: Express purpose using: to / in order to / so as to + verb, for + noun and so that + clause in education and daily-life contexts.
A. Observe
Underline the expressions of purpose.
1. Many adults attend literacy classes to learn how to read and write.
2. The government builds more schools in rural areas in order to reduce illiteracy.
3. Some students take evening classes so as to improve their English.
4. My brother studies hard so that he can get a scholarship.
5. The association organised a campaign for school dropouts.
Complete the table:
| Form | Example | Use |
|---|---|---|
| to + base verb | __________________________ | Simple purpose |
| in order to / so as to + base verb | __________________________ | More formal purpose |
| for + noun | __________________________ | Purpose with a noun |
| so that + subject + can/could/will/would + verb | __________________________ | Purpose with a clause |
B. Join the sentences
Use: to / in order to / so as to / for + noun / so that + clause.
- The government gives scholarships to poor students. It wants to help them continue their studies.
→ The government gives scholarships to poor students ________________________________. - Many teenagers learn foreign languages. They want to find better jobs in the future.
→ Many teenagers learn foreign languages ________________________________. - NGOs organise literacy classes. Their aim is to fight illiteracy.
→ NGOs organise literacy classes ________________________________. - I watch educational videos on YouTube. I want to improve my pronunciation.
→ I watch educational videos on YouTube ________________________________. - Parents send their children to kindergarten. This is for early education.
→ Parents send their children to kindergarten ________________________________.
توضيحات بالعربية (Functions – Purpose)
ركّز على الفرق بين: to + verb وfor + noun وso that + جملة. مثلاً: I study to pass the exam / I study for the exam / I study so that I can pass the exam. استعمل أمثلة من موضوع التعليم (scholarship, literacy classes).
4. Grammar – Past Perfect Simple
Objective: Use the Past Perfect Simple (had + past participle) to talk about an action that happened before another past action.
A. Observe the story
A Busy Morning at School
Yesterday morning, I woke up late because my alarm clock had not rung. By the time I got to the bus stop, the school bus had already left. I decided to walk to school, but when I arrived, the headmaster had just closed the school gate.
I explained that my alarm clock had broken and that the bus had left earlier than usual. Fortunately, the headmaster believed me because I had never come late before. He opened the gate and I ran to my classroom. When I entered the room, the teacher had already started the lesson, but she smiled and allowed me to join the class.
1. Underline the verbs in the story and complete the table:
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
|---|---|
| ________________________________ | ________________________________ |
| ________________________________ | ________________________________ |
B. Form and use
1. Complete the rule:
- Past Perfect = had + ________________________________.
- Example: The school bus had already left when I arrived.
2. We use the Past Perfect to talk about:
- an action that happened __________ another past action.
- Example: My alarm clock had not rung before I woke up.
C. Practice – Past Simple or Past Perfect?
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense.
- By the time the teacher (come) __________, the students (finish) __________ their test.
- After they (close) __________ the school gate, a student (arrive) __________ late.
- I (revise) __________ my lessons well before I (take) __________ the exam.
- When we (reach) __________ the classroom, the bell (ring) __________.
- She (decide) __________ to study English because she (fail) __________ the exam the year before.
توضيحات بالعربية (Grammar – Past Perfect)
Past Perfect = had + past participle، كنستعملوه لحدث وقع قبل حدث آخر في الماضي: When I arrived, the teacher had started the lesson. استعمل خط زمني بسيط باش يبان الفرق بين Past Simple و Past Perfect.
5. Writing – Education project / report
Objective: Plan and write a short paragraph/report (10–12 lines) about an education project (aims, activities, target group, results) using linkers and expressions of purpose.
A. Model paragraph
“Second Chance” Literacy Project in My Town
In my town, a local association has created a project called “Second Chance” to help young people who left school early. The project started three years ago in cooperation with the Ministry of Education and some volunteers.
The main aim of the project is to fight illiteracy and give school dropouts a second chance to continue their learning. First, the association organises literacy classes in the evening so that young people can learn how to read and write. Then, it offers basic courses in maths and French in order to prepare them for vocational training. In addition, social workers and psychologists meet the participants to help them solve their personal problems.
As a result of this project, many young people have improved their level and found new opportunities. Some of them have joined vocational training centres, while others have started small jobs or gone back to regular schools. “Second Chance” shows that non-formal education can change people’s lives in a positive way.
Tasks:
- Underline: name of the project, target group, aims, main activities, results.
- Circle the linkers (first, then, in addition, as a result, while, etc.).
- Highlight the expressions of purpose (to, in order to, so that…).
B. Plan your project
Complete this grid before you write.
| Name of the project | _______________________________________________ |
| Place (town / region) | _______________________________________________ |
| Target group (who?) | _______________________________________________ |
| Main aim(s) | _______________________________________________ |
| Main activities (what?) | _______________________________________________ |
| When (evening, weekend, all year…) | _______________________________________________ |
| Results / impact | _______________________________________________ |
C. Write your paragraph/report (10–12 lines)
Use linkers like: first, then, after that, in addition, finally, as a result and expressions of purpose: to / in order to / so that.
______________________________________________________________
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توضيحات بالعربية (Writing – Education Project)
ذكّر التلاميذ بأن التقرير خاصو: مقدمة (اسم المشروع + الهدف العام)، جسم (الأنشطة + الفئة المستهدفة + متى وأين)، وخاتمة (النتائج / التأثير). استعمل روابط: first, then, in addition, finally, as a result وتعابير الهدف: to / in order to / so that.